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The Roman fort from Citera

At about 500 meters from the western corner of the Pomet hill and Porolissum camp, there is a high isolation of three parts, ending with steep slopes. On this height, the Roman Empire, within the defense system designed at Porolissum, built a fort for the auxiliary troops who stationed here. It was built on the site of a Dacian fortresses.

In a study conducted by the researcher Dr. Alexandru V. Matei and published in the journal “Caiete Silvane” in 2007, entitled: “The Dacian fortress on the Citera hill from Porolissum and its transform into a fort integrated in the Roman defense system of the Meseşan gate ” states that: “The role of this Dacian fortifications was originally to guard and to filch the goods passing through the pass from the entry or their exit from the current Silvaniei Depression to the east area that is Transylvania.”

Following the archaeological researches conducted ever since the year 1958 by Professor Mircea Rusu, and most recently by Prof. Dr. Horia Pop from Zalau County Museum, it was found that the Roman fort from Citera, originally built from earth (wave with ditch) and then by stone, had a rectangular shape with dimensions of 200 x 300 meters.

In the same paper-work cited above, Al. Matei states that: “Taught probably without a fight, the Romans used the enclosure as an immediately campsite at conquer, upon the arrival of the Roman troops here at Porolissum. Later, once with the organization  of the defense of the whole area, they integrated the enclosure permanently in the defensive system built “limes Porolissensis” built and and organized by them in the Meseşan Gate.”

Dambau Cave

Dambau Cave is situated at the highest elevation in Trascău Mountains, located on peak with the same name, in Alba County. It is also known as the Cave-Pit Dambau, The Cave from Hula Dambaului, or The Cave under Corlata.

The cave is located in the town of Zlatna, Alba County, in the south-west of Trascău Mountains. The cave was formed in a isolated limestone massive forming the top of the Dambau Peak. The peak of 1369 meters is located in the south-west of Trascău, in the north-east of Zlatna City.

The cave was discovered, explored and mapped by Viorel Ludusan helped by club members of Polaris Blaj. The cave exploration and mapping was done in two expeditions in March and April, 1986.

The entering of the cave of 2/1,5 meters is located at an absolute altitude of 1355meters. The total length of the galleries is 1200 meters, 250 meters overhead long with a branch factor of 4.8. The full drum of the galleries is 78meters.

The cave has two distinct sectors, formed independently: Stairs Gallery and Lake Gallery. The Stairs Gallery starts at the entrance with a access corridor dug on a fissure in the rocks with clear evidence of erosion. At 20 meters from the entrance it has a bottleneck of 0,4/0,4 meters, in which it feels a strong current of air. The hallway gets out in the Great Hall, strong descendant with 25/20/8meters size, dressed in slippery montmilch. The Great Hall continues in the Stairs corridor, a high fissure that descends until 50meters to where it closes by sealing. The water which has drained the Great Hall and the Stairs Hall descended at a lower level, first by two shafts from the Stairs Corridor, then through the shaft of the Great Hall and Photo Hall.

Today, the cave hasn’t a continuously active course in the accessible sites. In conclusion, Dambau cave is the work of the precipitation waters that acted on the fissures on two main courses: Stairs Gallery and the Lake  Gallery.

The Water Cave from Bulz

The Water Cave from Bulz, located on the lower basin of the Valley of Hell, is the water’s strong flow emergence from Slope-Cave Stancuta and the karst depression Ponoare which form one of the most impressive karst systems from Padurea Craiului Mountains.

The cave is located on the left side of the Valley of Hell, across from Local Council of Bulz (Bihor county), at a distance of about 2 km upstream from the confluence with Crisul Repede River.

About the existence and tourist interest of this cave is recalled in the literature of the late 19th century. S. Nagy and V. Puscariu make some brief  biospeleological exploration, and in 1944  H. Kcssler explores it for the first time, while providing us with its first draft.

The cave, the emergence of an underground current with an appreciable flow, is a unique corridor, ascending, with numerous obstacles on the road. The cave is developed in the limestone situated at the border of Lower Triassic and the Medium Triassic and has a total length of 4500 meters.

The entry, of 6/4 meters, is occupied entirely by an underground lake. The first large room of the cave has a length of 13 meters and is accessible only by rubber boat. The water enters this room through a 2 meters high waterfall that lies at its southern end, but can be bypassed on the right side of the gallery. After a relatively horizontal sector we meet Waterfall II, 3 meters high, followed at west by a sector of 8-10 meters high and whose floor is submerged. From a point located about 100 meters from the entrance, the gallery widens slightly up to 5-6 meters wide, and the water turns into a lake of more than 2 meters deep. At the end of the lake is the Waterfall III, 3 meters high, and on the walls there can be distinguished subscription dating from the 19th century.

Fetii Hole Cave

Fetii Hole Cave ( Girl’s Hole)is a small cave located in the municipality of Garda de Sus, Alba County, in the Bihor Mountains.

Fetii Hole Cave is located in the left side of Dry Garda Valley, at the bridge over the tributary Ordancusa. You can reach it through the valley of Aries, from Garda de Sus village, following  about 800 meters the forest road that starts from the center of the commune towards Scărişoara Cave, on  Dry Garda Valley.

The cave was discovered during road widening by dynamiting the rocky wall. The first exploration and mapping was done by Viorel Ludusan from the Alpine Speo Club Polaris Blaj in 1974. He, as coordinator of the stunt team from the film “Flames on the Treasures”, proposed the director Nicolae Mărginean to film a scene in the cave. The scene was done in 1985.

Entering the cave has a lenticular form of 4 meters high and wide of 1 meter. Immediately it follows a step waterfall that leads to a cone of debris. It is lost in the lake’s water that covers the entire floor. To see the entire cave we have to get in the water at the waist-deep  or with a boat we can sail on the 21 meters of the crescent-shaped lake. The maximum depth is 3 meters in the central area. Fetii Hole cave is poor in karst formations. The goal dissolved in Triassic limestone seems to be the overflow level of the groundwater.

Pojarul Politei Cave

Photo by Cosmin Berghean

Pojarul Politei Cave (Policy’s Measles) is one of the most beautiful caves, being regarded as having the most various speleoteme from the Romanian  karst. It is a true natural museum, on a relatively small length alternating full range of speleoteme  rigorous arranged, as by the hands of a dogmatist curator. Because it is a reserve totally closed for visits, it is enough to recall that it is located in Bihor Mountains, in the village of Garda de Sus, not far from the Scărişoara cave.

Measles (Pojar), which in addition to the disease known since the childhood also means fire, heat, here having the meaning of a warm place, which means that the southern slope of a hill or mountain is exposed to the sun, where the temperature is higher. The Policy is a shelf, here a horizontal place on the slope of the mountain. So Policy’s Measles Cave is the cave ranked on the straight place from the southern slope of the mountain.

Pojarul Politei is a fossil cave that consists of galleries (developed on “diaclaze” (galleries formed by the dissolving of the limestone along cracks)) and several rooms belonging to an independent drainage system. The mouth is a collapse venture secondary formed. The entrance has a triangular shape of 2.5 meters width and 2 meters height. A 3 meters vertical goes in a strong descending corridor.

The Big Hall has a length of 23 meters, is horizontal, and on the two heads it has some high niches. To the south are two ascending separate galleries. At the northern end there is another less adorned ascending gallery with many crashes and a massive red clay contribution. Finally, near the eastern wall is a huge stalagmites formation with a diameter of 6 meters and 8 meters tall.

Pojarul Politei is one of the richest in concrete cave from Romania, in which not the number of concrete matters, but their variety. It can be distinguish several facies of concretion and would be interesting to study the factors that determine these variations. The cave is interesting also as forms of carving and as genesis.

Bisericuta Cave

Bisericuta Cave is a fossil cave of small size, located in Trascău Mountains, from Apuseni group. The cave is located in the Sfarcea village, Intregalde commune, Alba County, in the central part of Trascău Mountains, in the north-western edge of the Ciumerna plateau, in Galda Stream basin.

It is located 15 meters below the Ciumerna plateau. The entry oriented north-west gives direct access to a room of 15/10 meters high by 4 meters. It continues with a Z-shaped hallway that gives access to a new audience. Here appear the first formations, stalagmites, stalactites, montmilch, and columns. Interesting is that all the walls are covered with leopard skin. There are dark brown spots on yellow background formed by crystallizations influenced by the wall condensation. The phenomenon is less studied. After another corridor we get in the Black Hall, with dark parietal bleeds. On the left side it opens the Black Shaft giving access to a little hall, and on the right, a narrow shaft which reaches the Bears Hall. Between these two rooms there is a connection under the main gallery.

The cave has been inhabited since the Neolithic. In medieval times it was used as a shelter for the shepherds from Ciumerna and in times of trouble as a church, hence the name.

Since the first exploration, forcing the narrow shaft, they entered the Bears room. In the lower part of the room, on the floor ware strung a few skulls and bones of Ursus speleus. One of them had on the forehead a candle of stalagmites of 1.2 meters high. The largest of them would be lifted and carried by Nicolae Ludusan from the Faculty of Geology, University of Bucharest, where he was a student. It was declared the largest skull of Ursus speleus in Romania. Having resisted in the cave for more than 10,000 years, it lasted only 20 years in the University’s window, being destroyed and disposed by miners arrived in Bucharest to establish order in 1990.

But more tragic is the fact that in a visit recently done in the cave, it was stated the disappearance of all crane and bones from the Bears Hall.

Miko Castle

Phoot by voineasa

The Miko Castle, with a regular geometric plan and Italian  bastions, built in late Renaissance style, is the oldest and most important historical monument of the city of Miercurea Ciuc.,  named after its manufacturer- Ferenc Hidvégi Miko (1585-1635). The castle’s construction began in the spring of 1623, ten years after the owner, Ferenc Miko, became the supreme master of Székely seats from Ciuc, Gheorgheni and Casin.

The construction of Miko castle with a rectangular plan and an area of 75×70 meters was completed, probably in the thirties of 17th century. The first written document attesting the existence of the edifice dates from 1631.

At October 21 1661, the Turkish-Tatar army led by Ali, the Pasha of Timisoara, invades Ciuc, occupies and burns the castle. It is rebuilt in the years 1714-1716 under the leadership of the Imperial General Stephan Steinville, as attested by the inscription in stone placed above the entrance gate of the city.

Around the rebuilt castle the Austrians have developed a defense system with four Italian bastions, whose traces are still visible on the southern side. On the west side they built a store for gunpowder and the south-western bastion was transformed into a chapel. The ceiling of the chapel is decorated with modest stucco in a late Baroque style and the Gothic framing of the windows is the result of a subsequent processing. The ground floor rooms have vaulted ceilings in the shape of a cylinder, with dual curvature penetrations of the vault. Th delimitation of the levels is marked in the exterior by a carved stone frieze. At every bastion, at the height of the bridge, are drawing goals. The fortress was reinforced as an important strategic point on the eastern border of the Habsburg Empire. Until the organization by force of the Székely border regiment, the castle is a barracks of the imperial troops, and thereafter until 1849, is the residence of the First Regiment’s commander. During the Revolution of 1848-1849 it was head of the revolutionary forces commander from the Szeklerland, Sándor Gál.

In the 1880s the castle’s moat is filled. By the mid- 20th century, with minor interruptions, the fortress was used by the army. In 1970 after a general restoration, it has become the head of the Székely Museum of Ciuc, established in 1930.

The Roman Camp from Olteni

The Roman Camp from Olteni, Covasna county, is in the northern end of the village, on a terrace situated on the right bank of Olt river. The camp was largely destroyed by the construction works from the 18th and 19th centuries, including the construction of Miko castle and its annexes. The south gate of the camp was flanked by two rectangular bastions.

Inside the camp were discovered fragments of bricks – including “tegulae mammatae”, Tiles, handmade Dacian ceramics, Roman pottery for common use, pottery decorated by stamping and a piece of “terra sigillata”. There were also discovered two lamps, a fragment of grinder, nails and spikes, iron rings from the gate doors, a lance, a bronze “fibula” and a bronze disc with a carved inscription “T MAXIM CANDIDVS”, a lamp pattern, the head of a splendid marble statue depicting a ram and the head of a andesite statuette.

The coins found here are from the kings Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Domitian, Traian, Antoninus Pius, Elagabal and Alexandru Sever.

From the period after the desertion of the camp, dates a cremation grave, found near a wall inside the camp, dated the 3rd-4th century.

The Roman camp from Chitid

The Roman camp from Chitid was discovered in Hunedoara County on the territory of the Chitid,village,  Boşorod commune, in the autumn 2006 by Dan Olteanu, a passionate researcher of the Dacian civilization. The discovery was not random and was based on a simple logic: each Dacian fortress defending the entrance to the mountain was seconded by a Roman fort built during Daco-Roman wars. Thus there should be a camp on Boşorodului Valley, because the Romans conquered the Dacian fortress from here.

This camp had the same dimensions as that of Tarsus: a length of 350 meters and a width of 90 meters.  It has a rectangular shape and is placed in strategic a position: from here you can see all the roads that climb the Bosorodului Valley.

Located at about one kilometer away from the village, the camp meets all of the characteristics of such a construction by its size and rectangular shape. The depth of the trench surrounding the camp is 70 cm depth and the profile of the ground wave is 3.5 meters wide.

After the tests and measurements from the scene, the historians have concluded that the settlement represents a “castrum mestiva” (summer camp) which was built during 101-102. Such buildings were arranged at every 20 km, depending on military objectives that the Romans had. From here they had a wide perspective on Orastie Mountains.

The discovery from Chitid is extremely important to the history of Dacia. The presence of a camp in the Bosorodului valley confirm that the Romans strategy in the first Dacian war from the years 101-102 was to systematically annihilate the resistance of the Dacian fortifications that protected the capital Sarmisegetuza.

Germisara Roman Camp

Photo by Bobby Voicu

Germisara Roman Camp (later called “Thermae Dodonae”) was a fort of an auxiliary unit, along with a civil settlement, located at the south of the village Cigmău, Hunedoara county,  near the Geoagiu locality. Initially, the location could not be determined with absolute certainty, because in the area of the ancient Roman ruins there weren’t carried out any systematic excavation.

Only in 2000 it began the excavations at the archaeological site located between the towns Bobalnay and Geoagiu, on the right bank of the Mures river, at Urieşilor Hill point, at about 8 km from the Roman thermal complex Germisara. In the fort was stationed the military unit “Numerus Singulariorum Britannicianorum” and subunits of the 13th Legion Gemina.

Until 1990, on the entire area of the camp were made agricultural works, which led to a partial destruction or complete destructions in some portions of the walls. Over time, still from of this area, it was recovered the stone, by residents of nearby settlements.

In this area it was discovered a silver Republican denarius, issued by Marcus Antonius in the years 32-31 BC,  a bronze “dupondiu” ( a roman bronze coin), during the Emperor Nerva (97 AD), a “sesterţ” ( a Roman coin of silver and bronze) of bronze issued by Traian and dated from 103-110 AD, the latest coin being a bronze “dupondiu” from Otacila Severa, dated from 244-248 AD. From the dating of the coins, it is considered that this camp has operated continuously at least in the ranging between 100-250 AD.